Electromagnetic interference shielding properties of graphene quantum-dots reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol)/polypyrrole blend nanocomposites

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polypyrrole (WPPy) nanocomposite films with various GQDs loadings were synthesized using the versatile solvent casting method. The structural and morphological properties of PVA/WPPy/GQDs nanocomposite films were investigated by employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability of synthesized nanocomposites while enhanced dielectric properties were also observed. The maximum dielectric constant value for PVA/WPPy/GQDs nanocomposite films was observed to be ε = 6,311.85 (50 Hz, 150°C). The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of nanocomposite films was determined in the X-band (8–12 GHz) and Ku-band (12–18 GHz) frequency region. The EMI SE was found to be increased from 0.8 dB for the pure PVA film to 9.8 dB for the PVA/WPPy/GQDs nanocomposite film containing 10 wt% GQDs loading. The enhanced EMI shielding efficiency of nanocomposite films has resulted from the homogenous dispersion of GQDs in PVA/WPPy blend nanocomposites. Thus, the prepared nanocomposites are envisioned to utilize as a lightweight, flexible, and low-cost material for EMI shielding applications.     

Structural,optical, electrical and morphological properties of ZnTe films deposited by electron beam evaporation

ZnTe films were deposited on glass substrates at different substrate temperatures in the range 30–300 °C. The thickness of the films was about 200 nm. The films exhibited cubic structure with preferential orientation in the (111) direction. Band gap values in the range 2.34–2.26 eV are observed with increase of the substrate temperature. The refractive index values are in the range of 2.55–2.92 for the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. It is observed that the conductivity increases continuously with temperature. Laser Raman studies indicated the presence of peaks at 206.9 and 412.2 cm⁻¹corresponding to the first order and second order LO phonon.     

Heat transfer enhancement and development of correlation for turbulent flow through a tube with triple helical tape inserts

Influence of triple helical tapes inserted for turbulent flow through a tube on heat transfer enhancement was studied experimentally. The triple helical tapes made of mild steel with different helix angles, α = 9°, 13°, 17°, and 21° were examined for Reynolds number ranging from 22,000 to 51,000. The experiment showed that the Nusselt number, effectiveness and friction factor for the inserts were found to be up to 4.5, 3.45 and 3.0 times, respectively, over the plain tube. The highest enhancement efficiency achieved was 3.7 for the inserts based on constant blower power. Finally, new correlations for predicting heat transfer and friction factor for turbulent flow through a circular tube fitted with the inserts were proposed.     

Digital subscriber line (HDSL and ADSL) capacity of the outsideloop plant

The fundamental limits of the outside loop plant to carry high-speed digital (bi-directional HDSL and ADSL) data are reported. The paper focuses on the copper wire pairs, drop lengths, and interconnects that convey data over the “last mile” to almost all businesses and residences in the US. The two major customers, businesses and households, are classified, characterized, and categorized by the distance to the central office or the remote terminal. Their spectral capabilities are computed and their ultimate digital capabilities are reported. The crosstalk limitations inherent in the plant are also computed and verified against the loss of signal due the distance and spectral constraints. The signal to noise ratio can thus be estimated to ascertain the transmission quality through the plant. Accordingly, the paper reports on losses, bandwidths, and bit rates in the first half, and discusses the major bottlenecks in the second half     

Anthropocene streams and base-level controls from historic dams in the unglaciated mid-Atlantic region, USA

Recently, widespread valley-bottom damming for water power was identified as a primary control on valley sedimentation in the mid-Atlantic US during the late seventeenth to early twentieth century. The timing of damming coincided with that of accelerated upland erosion during post-European settlement land-use change. In this paper, we examine the impact of local drops in base level on incision into historic reservoir sediment as thousands of ageing dams breach. Analysis of lidar and field data indicates that historic milldam building led to local base-level rises of 2-5 m (typical milldam height) and reduced valley slopes by half. Subsequent base-level fall with dam breaching led to an approximate doubling in slope, a significant base-level forcing. Case studies in forested, rural as well as agricultural and urban areas demonstrate that a breached dam can lead to stream incision, bank erosion and increased loads of suspended sediment, even with no change in land use. After dam breaching, key predictors of stream bank erosion include number of years since dam breach, proximity to a dam and dam height. One implication of this work is that conceptual models linking channel condition and sediment yield exclusively with modern upland land use are incomplete for valleys impacted by milldams. With no equivalent in the Holocene or late Pleistocene sedimentary record, modern incised stream-channel forms in the mid-Atlantic region represent a transient response to both base-level forcing and major changes in land use beginning centuries ago. Similar channel forms might also exist in other locales where historic milling was prevalent.     

Structural and thermal studies of silver nanoparticles and electrical transport study of their thin films

This work reports the preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized through wet chemical solution method and of silver films deposited by dip-coating method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) have been used to characterize the prepared silver nanoparticles and thin film. The morphology and crystal structure of silver nanoparticles have been determined by FESEM, HRTEM, and FETEM. The average grain size of silver nanoparticles is found to be 17.5 nm. The peaks in XRD pattern are in good agreement with that of face-centered-cubic form of metallic silver. TGA/DTA results confirmed the weight loss and the exothermic reaction due to desorption of chemisorbed water. The temperature dependence of resistivity of silver thin film, determined in the temperature range of 100-300 K, exhibit semiconducting behavior of the sample. The sample shows the activated variable range hopping in the localized states near the Fermi level.     

An application of energy and exergy analysis in agricultural sector of Malaysia

Thermodynamic losses usually take place in machineries used for agricultural activities. Therefore, it is important to identify and quantify the losses in order to devise strategies or policies to reduce them. An exergy analysis is a tool that can identify the losses occurred in any sector. In this study, an analysis has been carried out to estimate energy and exergy consumption of the agricultural sector in Malaysia. Energy and exergy efficiencies have been determined for the devices used in the agricultural sector of Malaysia, where petrol, diesel and fuel oil are used to run the machineries. Energy and exergy flow diagrams for the overall efficiencies of Malaysian agricultural sector are presented as well. The average overall energy and exergy efficiencies of this sector were found to be 22% and 20.728%, respectively, within the period from 1991 to 2009. These figures were found to be lower than those of Norway but higher than Turkey.     

Design and development of a MEMS butterfly resonator using synchronizing beam and out of plane actuation

This paper presents beam modeling techniques for maximizing mechanical sensitivity of a butterfly resonator for gyroscopic applications. We investigate the geometric aspects of synchronizing beam that connects the wings of a butterfly resonator. Our results show that geometric variation in the synchronizing beam can have a large effect on the frequency split and sensitivity of the device. The model simulation shows a sensitivity of \( 10^{ - 12} \)\( (m/^\circ /s) \) for a frequency split of 10 Hz resulting from the optimized synchronized beam. Out of plane actuation was developed to drive and sense the resonators displacement. Fabricated butterfly resonators were tested, and the experimental results show a frequency split of 305 Hz and 400 Hz while the model illustrated a split of 195 Hz and 330 Hz respectively. The design and analysis presented in this paper can further aid the development of MEMS butterfly resonators for inertial sensing applications.

     

Development of a rapid manufacturable microdroplet generator with pneumatic control

Microsystem Technologies - This paper presents a T-junction microdroplet generator equipped with a pneumatic actuation for controlling the droplet size. The multi-layer device is compatible with...     

Safari: A self-organizing, hierarchical architecture for scalable ad hoc networking

As wireless devices become more pervasive, mobile ad hoc networks are gaining importance, motivating the development of highly scalable ad hoc networking techniques. In this paper, we give an overview of the Safari architecture for highly scalable ad hoc network routing, and we present the design and evaluation of a specific realization of the Safari architecture, which we call Masai. We focus in this work on the scalability of learning and maintaining the routing state necessary for a large ad hoc network. The Safari architecture provides scalable ad hoc network routing, the seamless integration of infrastructure networks when and where they are available, and the support of self-organizing, decentralized network applications. Safari’s architecture is based on (1) a self-organizing network hierarchy that recursively groups participating nodes into an adaptive, locality-based hierarchy of cells; (2) a routing protocol that uses a hybrid of proactive and reactive routing information in the cells and scales to much larger numbers of nodes than previous ad hoc network routing protocols; and (3) a distributed hash table grounded in the network hierarchy, which supports decentralized network services on top of Safari. We evaluate the Masai realization of the Safari architecture through analysis and simulations, under varying network sizes, fraction of mobile nodes, and offered traffic loads. Compared to both the DSR and the L+ routing protocols, our results show that the Masai realization of the Safari architecture is significantly more scalable, with much higher packet delivery ratio and lower overhead.